Discuss the risks and benefits of the human papilloma virus vaccine Essay

Discuss the risks and benefits of the human papilloma virus vaccine - Essay Example Gardasil, which is one of these drugs, is a tetravalent vaccine that was licensed in June 2006. The US Food and Drug Administration issued the license for this vaccine and its objective in doing so was to ensure that it would be administered to girls and women whose age was between nine to twenty – six years. This particular vaccine is being used in a few other nations. Another such vaccine is Cervarix, and these vaccines are expected to reduce the risk of HPV infection and other HPV – associated diseases, not only in the United States but also in other countries where cervical cancer prevention methods and Papanicolau or Pap smear – based investigative techniques are unavailable (Dempsey). The HPV vaccine, Gardasil, which is to be administered only to females of age nine to twenty – six years, is the first vaccine used for preventing cervical cancer. This vaccine is capable of preventing infections from HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18, which cause nearly eighty percent of cervical cancers. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices or ACIP recommends Gardasil for females aged 9 to 26 years, before they engage in sexual activity and a three – dose vaccine is to be administered within a period of six months. The Gardasil vaccine can be administered along with MCV 4, Tdap and Td (Campos-Outcalt, 2006). In order to magnify the prospective benefits of the HPV vaccine, all adolescent members of the population should be administered the vaccination. Prototypical studies reveal that vaccinating only females does not result in any appreciable decline in the prevention of HPV in women. Female vaccination on its own would not be helpful to a significant extent in eradicating infections caused by HPV among women, because restriction of the vaccine to females would render its effect to curb such infections less effective by twenty – five to forty percent. This is a very significant

European Court of Justices judgment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

European Court of Justices judgment - Essay Example The complainants presented the issue before the Belgian Constitutional Court in an effort to inspire the annulment of the Belgian law that transposed the directive. It is from this perspective that the Belgian Constitutional Court asked the Court of Justice for appropriate assessment on the validity of the derogation with respect to higher-ranking legal rules, and with reference to the principle of equality of genders enshrined in European Union law (Europe Log, 2011). The directive provided that the Member States had the authority to permit exemptions from the rule of unisex premiums and benefits for as long as they could prove that underlying actuarial and statistical data were reliable, available to the public and regularly updated. Under Belgian insurance law, the insurance contract must have an element of uncertainty. An insurance contract under Article 1A of the Insurance Contract Law, 1992 states:A contract according to which, in return for the payment of a fixed or variable p remium, a party, the insurer, commits itself towards another party, the policyholder, to provide the benefit stipulated in the contract in case an uncertain even emerges, that depending on the circumstances, either the insured or the beneficiary does not wish to emerge.Insurance disputes are brought before any court although the domicile of the policyholder has jurisdiction. Regulation of the Belgian insurance sector is also under Europe's highest court, the ECJ, which issues directives to member countries.